| Karl Marx FRSA[1] | |
|---|---|
Karl Marx in 1875
| |
| Born | 5 May 1818 Trier, Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, Kingdom of Prussia (now Trier, Germany) |
| Died | 14 March 1883 (aged 64) London, England, United Kingdom |
| Resting place | Tomb of Karl Marx, Highgate Cemetery, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Residence | Germany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | Stateless after 1845 |
| Spouse(s) |
Jenny von Westphalen
(m. 1843; d. 1881) |
| Children | 7, including Jenny, Laura, and Eleanor |
| Parents |
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| Relatives |
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Philosophy career | |
| Alma mater | |
| Era | 19th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | |
Main interests
| Philosophy, economics, history, politics |
Notable ideas
| Marxist terminology, surplus value, contributions to the labour theory of value, class struggle, alienation and exploitation of the worker, materialist conception of history |
| Signature | |
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Karl Marx[12] (German: [maɐ̯ks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary.
Born in Trier to a Jewish middle-class family, Marx studied law and Hegelian philosophy. Due to his political radical publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile in London, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto, and the three-volume Das Kapital. His philosophical and economic and political thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic and political history and his name has been used as an adjective, a noun and a school of social theory.
Marx's theories about society, economics and politics—collectively understood as Marxism—hold that human societies develop through class struggle. In capitalism, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour power in return for wages.[13]Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx predicted that, like previous socio-economic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism, owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature, would eventuate the working class' development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by, as Marx put it himself, a community of freely associated individuals.[14] Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.[15]
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticised.[16] His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought.[17][18][19]Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas. Marx is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science.[20][21]
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